Macro-evolution observed in the laboratory

2008 June 21

By David Annis
Article ID: 1233

Evolution can easily be observed in the laboratory and in the world around us.  We can see moths evolve their coloring to match the color of soot that covers their habitat, watch bacteria evolve antibiotic resistance in hospitals, and my favorite variety of grapefruit (that’s Rio Star) was made by scientists who exposed seeds to radiation to increase the mutation rate.  In the face of such overwhelming evidence – including knowing the exact DNA changes effecting such change – it is impossible for the creationists to deny evolution with a straight face.

To get around the problem, creationists often try to separate evolution into two types, micro-evolution and macro-evolution. They argue that micro-evolution can make minor changes, but can¹t build new structures or make other major changes to organisms. Although “the attempt to differentiate between micro-evolution and macro-evolution is considered to have no scientific basis by any mainstream scientific organization” (according to Wikipedia), creationists often claim that a chain of small micro-evolutionary steps can¹t add up to a macro-evolutionary step.

Indeed, it’s hard to simulate our planet’s biodiversity in a laboratory, because all laboratories are much smaller than the planet and have been operating for a far shorter period of time.  Nevertheless, we can now say that macro-evolution has been observed in the laboratory under carefully controlled conditions, and that the results can be replicated.  The results are described in a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences titled Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli.

In 1988, scientists at Michigan State University created twelve population lines of E. coli so that they could watch them evolve.  Since then, the bacteria have been growing under carefully controlled conditions in a culture containing low concentrations of glucose and high concentrations of citrate.  Under oxic conditions (that is, when oxygen is present), E. coli cannot grow on citrate and “that inability has long been viewed as a defining characteristic of this important, diverse, and widespread species.”  Many traits were observed changing over time. Creationists dismissed these changes as micro-evolution.  For over 30,000 generations, the E. coli in the experiment did not evolve the ability to grow on citrate. Finally, one of the populations evolved, and gained this ability.

Each population experienced billions of mutations in the first 30,000 generations. Since every possible point mutation was tried many times, scientists were either looking at a rare mutation (such as a large piece of DNA inverting) or a mutation made possible by the cumulative mutation history of prior generations.  If this was just a rare mutation, then a sample of bacteria taken just before the trait first appeared would be no more likely to evolve the trait again than a sample taken from the other populations at the same point in time.  However, if the ability to use citrate was from an accumulation of “micro-evolutionary” changes, then a sample from earlier generations of the E. coli would be able to evolve the ability to use citrate again.

Fortunately, the scientists had frozen samples of each population every 500 generations.  Sure enough, when they revived earlier samples, they watched the citrate-growing ability evolve in the “micro-evolutionary” line, but not from samples taken from other lines.

We know that in one population, a series of changes that happened between the 15,000th and 20,000th generations laid the groundwork for a major evolutionary advance. Here we have a clear example of macro-evolution under carefully controlled laboratory conditions.



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27 Comments
2008 July 30
tim williams permalink

And I’ll just bet god designed the outcome himself just to mess with everyone. Crafty mofo…

2008 October 12

Brilliant article. I highly recommend the new book on E. coli by Carl Zimmer. The book is entitled “Microcosm”. It’s genius and the epitome of good science writing.

2008 October 19
Katie permalink

So where did Ecoli and every other organism come from? The point that evolutionists always try to dodge is this: even if macro-evolution could be proven, when it all began, where did that first cell or strand of DNA come from?

Also, IF the article and studies are correct and a strand of Ecoli is now able to survive where no Ecoli survived before… it’s still Ecoli. It’s not changing a tadpole into a monkey into a human.

2008 October 19

Katie,

The point that evolutionists always try to dodge is this: even if macro-evolution could be proven, when it all began, where did that first cell or strand of DNA come from?

I think what you perceive as dodging is something else, perhaps indifference. I say that because it’s not relevant to this conversation (or any conversion about debating evolution): what does the origin of life have to do with the evolutionary process? Why is an answer needed for the origin of life in order to accept evolutionary theory?

IF the article and studies are correct and a strand of Ecoli is now able to survive where no Ecoli survived before… it’s still Ecoli. It’s not changing a tadpole into a monkey into a human.

First, your idea of evolution is incorrect in your tadpole-monkey-human comparison. That’s not how it works. Assuming you do understand the process, though, and were just being glib, you may want to read more about macroevolution. The “it’s still e. coli” argument is not true – macroevolution is a change at a level above the species, not below.

2008 October 21

Katie,

The origin of life, as stated above, is a different topic. Perhaps I can address it in a different article. Many opponents of evolution claim that a God must have created life and all the species. However, aren’t they just dodging an even bigger issue – who created the creator? Isn’t it easier to imagine a universe in which something as imperfect as E. coli either always existed or spontaneously arose than one in which an omnipotent, omniscient being came about spontaneously?

2008 December 4
Chase Higgins permalink

David,I would like to comment on your statement about who created the creator. While I understand your point here and how it seems logical to ask such a question, I must bring up the infinite regress concept. God is a sufficient cause to have created the universe(whether he did or not) and to ask where God came from would beg the question where did God’s creator come from and so on and so forth, which would lead to an infinite regress which is rather illogical.

2008 December 29
Bob permalink

Dear Kind Folks,
I have a question to anyone who might feel like responding. I know it may not be germane to the discussion, but I am curious (that is why I find all these discussions fascinating) Do any of you have a preference, if one could choose, if the universe is designed or not?

Thank you very much, Bob

ps I don’t.

2008 December 31

Chase,

Just because asking the question can, but does not necessarily, lead to an infinite regression does not make the question invalid, it just makes the answer more difficult.

Bob,

I would prefer a designed universe if it were designed by an omni-benevolent being — No childhood cancer, no cruelty, poverty, starvation, disease, war, terrorism. Unfortunately the evidence points to a universe that wasn’t designed by an omnipotent omnibenevolent God.

David

2009 January 1
Bob permalink

Dear David,

I really appreciate you taking the time and effort to answer my question. As I may or may not have stated previously, I have made the study of origins my “night job” for several years and have made some disturbing observations. I don’t know if anyone is interested in my conclusions, but if so I will share them sometime.

Again, thanks.

Bob

2009 January 19
Bob permalink

Dear Kind People,

Something I am failing to understand is why, when we are genuinely seeking nothing but scientific knowledge, as I am, and when considering the possibility of intelligent design, why folks try to define a possible designer. Can we not just leave it at that and leave speculation about a possible designer’s motives, if it even has emotions and, as someone pointed out that the evidence of a benevolent designer is not present because of, for one example given: childhood cancer. Cancer effects people of all ages, but for the sake of facts, speculating as to a possible designer being malevolent is outside the field of scientific knowledge.

Also, there is an considerable and important difference between micro and macro-evolution. Micro-evolution is and has been an observable fact throughout history and I have never heard of anyone questioning or debating that fact. Macro-evolution (changes that involve an increase in genetic information) is questionable and also necessary for the evolution of man from the “same descendant as the apes”, whatever that is. Some say life from chemicals in the oceans to a single-celled organism and on up the evolutionary tree to man.

Professor Darwin observed micro-evolution and made interesting, but unimportant notes on that subject and then guessed that, given enough time that macro-evolution is possible. It seems that many people have adopted an attitude that given enough time that anything is possible and cling to anything to support the oldest universe possible. I seem to be the only student of this subject so far that has no preference if things came about by random chance (which I believe takes as much faith in the unknown as scientists who consider the possibility of a designer) or by design.

What I stated above is so simple that I am afraid I must be overlooking something obvious. Please don’t worry about embarrassing me by explaining what I am missing.

Thank you folks very much and I look forward to all respectful discussions on the evolution/intelligent design study.

Bob

2009 January 22
Chase Higgins permalink

Hello David,

I agree that the possibility of the question leading to an infinite regress does not make the question invalid. On the other hand I believe given the information we have, asking the question “who created the creator” does in fact lead to an infinite regress since god alone could be the sufficient cause of the universe, and if god had the power to created the universe it would not be hard to believe that such a being was not created and has always existed and always will.

Hey Bob,

I like your question about whether people prefer that the universe came about by random chance or by design. I think that the answer to this question is where the majority of the bias in this discussion amongst the scientific community lays. People have a desire to be correct, especially if religion is involved, they want to believe that their soul can be saved.

I think I would rather believe that there is a designer(whichever one that may be). The reason for this is that it would provide more meaning and purpose for life, especially if that designer was a god who wanted a relationship with his people. Despite my desire for evidence of a created universe I attempt to be objective in my studies; obviously complete objectivity is not possible, but I think that it should be aimed for.

As I continue to learn I see more evidence for Intelligent Design, but I am still studying.

Thanks for the open minded, respectful conversation!

2009 January 24
Bob permalink

Dear Kind People,

I was so eager to ask my question about people who seek knowledge on the question of origins that I hastily dispatched a letter, not even taking the time to read my own letter. Unlike our president during his campaign, I do know the proper use of a and an. It is no reflection on his intelligence or education (I would guess he got it from his parents before entering school). I believe my question would more appropiately be: If we have a preference, do we allow it to interfere with our sincere quest for knowledge. I am more than willing to accept that I am just a refined monkey, if it is a proven fact, but I am not convinced of it based on verifiable evidence.

I have more thoughts to share, but they are based upon a premise that it takes as much, if not more, faith in the unknown to believe that the universe is so finely tuned for man and is that way as a result of an undirected explosion of a “cosmic egg”. I should have stressed “undirected”. I have thought that we could evolved to conform to that fine tuning instead of the other way around, but that would not explain such “handy” things, such as a water table, enough oil and coal in the ground to fuel the world until we come up with better things, trees to supply building supplies for our shelters, again, until we develope better things and I may add, the sooner the better for all the above, and many, many other “conveniences” (spelling?}

I believe “Intelligent Design” is worthy of consideration and I personally would not even pretend to have the ability to try to describe a possible designer, but my hunch is that a possible designer does not supervise the day-to-day goings on in the world. That was Einstein’s theory and I believe he was a much more remarkable scientist than Darwin, but not for that reason. I recognize that I could be completely wrong.

Again, thanks and I will continue to keep my feelers out for proof of macro-evolution.

ps Did anyone see the TV program on “National Geographic” about a researcher who claims to believe that viruses are the missing link to account for our evolution. Always looking for a missing linc when there may not be one.

2009 February 9
Jeff Wright permalink

Is adaptation the same as evolution? Because this sounds like E. coli adapting the ability to survive in a particular environment.

Also, when we make statements about how the Christian God isn’t omni-benevolent because He lets this and that happen, doesn’t that seem to be trying to reach a humanized conclusion of a non-human being?

2009 February 17
Mike permalink

Hey Jeff,

yes, it is trying to apply human conclusions to a non-human being.

However, so is calling it benevolent or anything else. If we’re going to adhere to such standards of not being able to judge the alleged actions of a creator, then there is no way to tell whether it is actually good or bad. In the case of Christianity, how would one tell whether God was the good guy and not Satan?

We can either judge a god or not judge a god… there’s no such thing as “we can judge that God’s good but not bad”.

2009 February 17
Bob H. permalink

Desr Kind People,
It looks as though I began trying to communicate with you folks on a false assumption, being that we all have a sincere interest in scientific knowledge, letting the chips fall where they may, leaving the speculation about a possible designer’s “personality” to people of other fields of study. Of course we are “hard wired” to wonder about such things as how and maybe why, as evident when I tuck my children in bed and they ask those questions. I always reply that I don’t know and those have been questions throught the history of man.

It does concern me that tax payers, regardless of their faith, are forced to only finance research to try to prove there is no designer, due to Hugo Black’s definition of “seperation of church and state”. Creation scientists (yes, there is a growing number of scientists with as much formal education as anyone else) have to rely on their own pockets and private donations. I assumed in the beginning that orthodox scientists had creditable evidence for their theories, but the claims many make insulted my intelligence and that is what started me on my fascinating educational journey.

Some scientists were angry and condecending about the movie “Expelled”. They completely missed the point. Mr. Stein was making a point about the lack of academic freedom in our schools that receive tax payer money and the discussion of origins is the most profound example. I heard him say in an interview that he believes there are very intelligent people who believe in evolution (macro-evolution, of course)and like everyone else, he does not know.

Well folks, please enjoy your research. I am changing to a study that may result in something more useful or productive as no one in my family or anyone else I encounter seems interested in listening to any view other that those they have always had or their preferences.

Bob

2009 March 26
danielle permalink

This is an invalid article, it does not prove that macroevolution is observable or even true. This article simply proves that all organisms adapt to their environment but organisms certainly do not create new species.

2009 May 6
Qazinix permalink

I believe that minor changes in a organism is possible and happens.
I still struggle to understan how mutation adds information into the DNS of a organism.
I also struggle to understand what Macro-evolution is when it isn’t the change of a species into another species.
Can anybody please explain to me what I’m missing.

2009 May 11

Qazinix, look up “genetic entropy and the mystery of the genome.” Natural selection by random mutation doesn’t exist. The cost of a good mutation is extinction. There is a programmed intelligence into the genome and that’s how large changes happen.

2009 May 14
Qazinix permalink

Thank you TY I’ll read up on it through the weekend. Question has any body seen Macro-evolution(formation of another species) two creatures don’t and can’t mate?

2009 May 14

No one ever has seen real speciation positively I think there’s a debate on it, but there’s little doubt in my mind that it happens because we see evolution happening in the finch beaks etc fast. .. A new phyla is another matter yet the cambrian explosion had 50 phyla evolving and none since then. We have 30 something phyla now. So that’s a good case for ID because the genomes started complex like they were seeded here. The man from monkeys theory is based on chromosome two being fused which was predicted but I don’t see how they can say chromosome fusion isn’t ID’d by aliens or something, don’t know much about that but I don’t think anyone does. The question is, how do you have a genome which is observed to only go toward entropy, and yet making a new phyla or even little mutations involves new data harmoniously encoded in an expanding genome? We only have genomes falling apart. Steven meyer’s articles on the discovery institute site are easy to read he covers the whole debate.

Also there’s irreducibly complex eyes, teeth, flagellum, and vision and all the senses connections to the brain. The problem with biology right now is there’s so much valid criticism and it’s brushed off by handwaving because you aren’t allowed to violate the paradigm.

2009 May 27
Qazinix permalink

Evolution says that there was chaos and somehow over billions of years(sounds like my sister’s fairy tales) order formed, but when I leave something long enough it falls apart.
Is there any articles about fosil formation, because I find it very strange that the strata is water sorted, I spent my holidays looking at rocks, and one more thing why is it that some Professors become very angry when you ask how it happened?

2009 May 27

Qazinix,

Evolution says that there was chaos and somehow over billions of years(sounds like my sister’s fairy tales) order formed,

That’s not what evolution says. That sounds more like a religious creation myth.

why is it that some Professors become very angry when you ask how it happened?

It might be in how you’re asking. What do you ask? And are you asking because you want to know the answer? Or do you have an ulterior motive that’s showing through?

Andy

2009 July 22

Question has any body seen Macro-evolution(formation of another species) two creatures don’t and can’t mate?

An interesting article Study Catches 2 bird populations as they split into separate species. Looks like they are showing macro-evolution currently being observed in birds.

One other point — in terms of can’t mate – that does not need to be true – horses and mules can mate – many seperate species can mate and some of their offspring may even be fertile.

2009 July 23
Qazinix permalink

I read the article thank you very much.

Horses Scientific name “Equus Caballus” and mules “Equus asinus x caballus ” is still part of the “Equidae” family.

The flycatcher’s scientific name is “Monarcha castaneiventris megarhynchus” while the other is “Monarcha castaneiventris ugiensis” and while I agree that there are differences I can’t help but notice that they are both still part of the “Monarchidae” family.

2009 July 23
Qazinix permalink

They are still in the “Monarcha castaneiventris” not just the “Monarchidae” family.

2009 July 23

Evolution is a process that takes a very long time. Just like I can’t see my son growing over a period of a week, you won’t see evolution of an entire new family happen in a century. However, just as I can gather evidence that tells me kids grow, I can gather evidence that shows me that species evolve. This is one more example among many. We see micro-evolution which is the first step in macro-evolution and happens quickly all the time. It is not just logic that tells us that enough micro-evolution leads to macro evolution, there is evidence of it all around us: the genes on the human chromosome 2, the genes conserved from bacteria on up, the evidence in these studies and thousands of others.

The truth is that no amount of evidence will convince those who believe that the species were all created by God – because they value faith which requires belief even in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary.

2009 August 16

David, how do you explain a large frameshift coding for something large and useful that can last.

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